Independent academic research

A structured comparison
of AI governance across China, US & EU

Organized along five axes — topics, top-level rules, subnational levels, corporate practice, and reference frameworks — this site tracks the parallel evolution of hard and soft law across three major jurisdictions, read from the primary sources in their original languages.

3 jurisdictions 4 core topics 30+ primary-source rules 13 corporate profiles Last update · 2026-04-22
§ I · Issue Matrix

Topic × Jurisdiction

The same issue compared across the three jurisdictions. Click any cell for in-depth analysis and article-level annotations.

Topic / Issue China · CN United States · US European Union · EU
Risk Classification
Frameworks that bind regulatory duties to tiered risk levels
Graded & classified management; dual-track algorithm filing
In force Deep Synthesis Provisions · GenAI Interim Measures
NIST AI RMF + GenAI Profile
Voluntary Soft-law framework · non-binding
Four-tier risk pyramid
Phased application AI Act Art. 5–50
Content Labeling & Provenance
Watermark and synthesis-disclosure obligations
AI Labeling Measures + GB 45438 national standard
Sep 2025 in force Explicit + implicit dual mandate
No unified federal requirement
State-level patchwork CA AB 2655 · TX SB 751 et al.
AI Act Art. 50 disclosure duty
Aug 2026 applicable User-facing + machine-readable
Data & Training
Training-data legality, copyright, and cross-border flows
PIPL · DSL · Interim Measures layered
Data-export review Training-corpus legality requirements
Case-law driven (Fair Use)
Litigation pending NYT v. OpenAI et al.
GPAI Code + copyright disclosure
From Aug 2025 Respects TDM opt-out
Frontier Models / GPAI
Dedicated obligations for general-purpose AI
AI Safety Governance Framework 2.0
Released 2025 TC260 standards series
California SB 53 · federal preemption dispute
EO 14365 contested State–federal standoff
GPAI chapter + Code of Practice
Aug 2025 in force Systemic-risk model chapter
View all topics →
§ II · Five Axes

A five-axis index

The same rule can be indexed along different axes. This site assumes none is primary — readers are welcome to enter through whichever entry point they find most natural.

i.
Topic Comparison · Horizontal
Risk classification, content labeling, data training, frontier models — the same issue contrasted across the three jurisdictions.
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ii.
Top-Level Rules · By Jurisdiction
A primary-source index of central legislation and authoritative guidance, sorted into hard and soft law.
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iii.
Subnational Level
Chinese local pilots, US state and city statutes, EU member-state transpositions.
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iv.
Corporate Practice
Policy, framework, and accountability snapshots from frontier labs and platform giants.
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v.
Reference Frameworks
A lightweight index of OECD, UNESCO, NIST, ISO/IEC, PAI, and other international and industry frameworks.
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vi.
Methodology
Inclusion criteria, hard/soft-law taxonomy, versioning, citation rules, and disclaimers.
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§ III · Dispatches

Recent dispatches & a longer arc

Legislative and corporate-policy movements across the three jurisdictions, updated biweekly; the sidebar traces the evolution of China's departmental-rule layer.

Full update log →